问题: 初中英语完成进行时语法
急求句子结构用法
解答:
http://www.eduquan.com/english/411/599/2007072766078.html
http://www.yeeyi.net/Exam/TOEFL/Grammar/english_18494.html
【现在完成进行时】
谓语动词构成:I/ we/ you/ they have been working
He / she/ it has been working
(1) 表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作,并且还将持续下去
The Chinese have been making paper for two thousand years. 中国有2000年的造纸历史.
I have been learning English since three years ago.
自从三年前以来我一直在学英语.
(2) 表示在说话时刻之前刚刚结束的动作
We have been waiting for you for half an hour. 我们已经等你半个钟头了.
(3) 有些现在完成进行时的句子等同于现在完成时的句子
They have been living in this city for ten years.
They have lived in this city for ten years.他们在这个城市已经住了10年了.
I have been working here for five years.
I have worked here for five years.我在这里已经工作两年了.
(4) 大多数现在完成进行时的句子不等同于现在完成时的句子
I have been writing a book.(动作还将继续下去)我一直在写一本书.
I have written a book.(动作已经完成)我已经写了一本书.
(5) 表示状态的动词不能用于现在完成进行时
I have known him for years. 我认识他已经好几年了.
这类不能用于现在完成进行时的动词还有:love爱,like喜欢,hate讨厌,等.
【过去完成进行时形式与用法】
A 形式
过去完成进行时是由 had been+现在分词构成,因此无人称变化:
I had/I’d been working
they had not/hadn’t been working
凡不能用于进行时的动词均不能有这种时态,但动词want(有时还有wish)除外:
The boy was delighted with his new knife.He had been wanting one fora long time.
男孩对新小刀很高兴。他早就想要一把了。
注意:这一时态没有被动语态,像They had been picking ap-ples(他们一直在摘苹果)这样的句子,最近似的被动式是Ap-ples had been picked(苹果已摘完),实际上这两种说法意思并不相同。(参见下面B3。)
B 用法
过去完成进行时与过去完成时之间的关系,同现在完成进行时与现在完成时之间的关系相同。(参见第192节。)
1 表示动作在所说的过去某一时刻之前就已开始并持续到那一时刻或者在那一时刻之前刚刚停止时,常常可以用两个时态中的任一个(参见第192节A):
It was now six and he was tired because he had worked since dawn.已经6点了,他感到很累,因为他从天亮起一直工作到现在。相当于:
It was now six and he was tired because he had been working since dawn.
那时正是6点,他因从一大早就干活而累了。
2 用过去完成时表示的反复的动作,有时可以作为一种连续的动作用过去完成进行时表示(参见第192节B):
he had tried five times to get her on the phone.
他曾试着打了五次电话要找她。
He had been trying to get her on the phone.
他一直在试着打电话找她。
3 一个用过去完成时表达的单一动作和一个用过去完成进行时表达的动作不同(参见第192节C):
By six o’clock he had repaired the engine.
到6点钟时他已经修好发动机了。(这项工作已经完成。)
但He had been repairing the engine(他一直在修理发动机)仅告诉我们他在前面的时间/前半小时里做什么,而并不告诉我们这项工作是否完成。
另一个区别是,由过去完成进行时表示的动作常持续进行直到或甚至超过说话的时间(这个时间是在过去)。而由过去完成时表示的动作虽可以发生在这一说话时间之前不久,但动作与说话之间可以有较长的时间间隔:
He had been painting the door.
他当时一直在油漆门。(油漆大概还未干。)
He had painted the door.
他油漆了门。(可能是最近,也可能是一段时间之前。)
【将来完成进行时】
形式壹壹英语论坛
will/shall have been+现在分词用于第一人称,而 will have
been+现在分词用于其他人称。
用法壹壹英语(www.YeeYi.Net)
正如将来完成时一样,它通常与一个以by开头的时间短语连用:
By the end of this year he’ll have been acting for thirty years.
到今年年底他当演员就满30年了。
将来完成进行时与将来完成时的关系和现在完成进行时与现在完成时的关系一样。即在以下情况下可以用将来完成进行时而不用将来完成时:
1 动作本身就是连续的:
By the end of the month he will have been living/working/studying here for ten years.
到了月底他在这里居住/工作/学习就满十年了。
2 一种经常进行的动作被表示为连续的动作:
By the end of this month he will have been training horses/climbing mountains for twenty years.
到了这个月底他驯马/登山就满 20年了。
但是如果提到所驯马匹或所攀登的山峰的数目,或用任何方式把动作分割为一次又一次的动作,就必须用将来完成时:
By the end of the month he will have trained 600 horses/climbed 50 mountains.
到本月底,他驯服的马就有600匹/攀登的山峰就有50座了。
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