Our formal definition of an organization is a social entity that is goal directed
and deliberately structured. Social entity means being made up of two or more people.
Goal directed means designed to achieve some outcome, such as make a profit
(Old Navy, Verizon), win pay increases for members (AFL-CIO), meet spiritual
needs (Methodist church), or provide social satisfaction (college sorority).
Deliberately structured means that tasks are divided and responsibility for their performance
is assigned to organization members. This definition applies to all organizations,
including both profit and not-for-profit. Small, offbeat, and not-for-profit
organizations are more numerous than large, visible corporations—and just as
important to society.Based on our definition of management, the manager’s responsibility is to coordinate
resources in an effective and efficient manner to accomplish the organization’s
goals. Organizational effectiveness is the degree to which the organization achieves
a stated goal, or succeeds in accomplishing what it tries to do. Organizational effectiveness
means providing a product or service that customers value. Organizational
efficiency refers to the amount of resources used to achieve an organizational goal.
It is based on how much raw materials, money, and people are necessary for producing
a given volume of output. Efficiency can be calculated as the amount of resources
used to produce a product or service.
Efficiency and effectiveness can both be high in the same organization. For
example, during the tough economy of the early 2000s, companies like Eaton
Corporation, which makes hydraulic and electrical devices, struggled to wring as
much production as they could from scaled back factories and a reduced workforce.
Managers initiated process improvements, outsourced some work to companies
that could do it cheaper, streamlined ordering and shipping procedures, and
shifted work to the most efficient assembly lines. At Eaton, these adjustments
enabled the company to cut costs and hold the line on prices as well as meet its
quality and output goals.14

我们对组织的正式定义是，一个有目标指向并有意识地构建的社会实体。社会实体表示由两个或更多的人组成。有目标指向是指，为取得某种结局而设计，例如获利（老式的海军、Verizon公司），为成员赢得工资的增长（美国劳工联盟及职业工会联合会）， 满足精神需求(卫理公会),或满足社会（高校妇女社团）。有意识地构建是指，任务被分割，其履行责任被指定给组织成员。这个定义适用于所有的组织，包括为营利的和不为营利的组织。小型、不规则且不为营利的组织比大型、令人注目的公司数目更众多 — 且对社会同样地重要。基于我们对管理的定义，管理者的责任是以有效并高效的方式协调各种资源以实现组织目标。组织性有效程度就是该组织实现一个宣布的目标或在完成其努力事项中的成功程度。组织性有效程度是指提供客户所认同的产品或服务。组织性效率则是指为实现一个组织目标所动用的资源量。它基于生产一个给定的产量需要多少原材料、金钱及人员。效率可以按照生产一个产品或一项服务所使用的资源量来计算。效率和有效性在一个组织中可以都达到高点。例如，在二十世纪早期的艰难经济中，像制造液压及电气装置的伊顿公司一样的公司，竭尽全力从他们规模缩小的工厂和减少的劳动力中挤榨出尽量多的产品。管理者们发起了程序改进，把一些工作外派给能够作得更便宜的公司，简化了订购及发运程序，并且将工作转移到最高效的组装线。在伊顿，这样的调整使公司削减了成本并与价格对应，而且满足了其质量和产量目标。14